Palatable - acceptable or agreeable to taste.
Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Lateralis, and Vastus Medialis - 3 of the 4 muscles of the thigh that make up the quadriceps. Well-exercised quadriceps provide protection against knee injuries. The fourth muscle of the quads is called the `rectus femoris`. Skiing, hiking or running downhill, and cycling work these muscles.
Alpha Cells - endocrine cells in the pancreas located in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, which produce the hormone glucagon which, in turn, raises blood sugar (glucose) levels.
Pesticide - generic term for broad category of crop protection chemicals, divided into four main classes: insecticides, used to control insects; herbicides, used to control weeds; rodenticides, used to control rodents; and fungicides, to control or banish mildew, mold, and fungi.
Microalbuminuria - the small protein particles that can be detected in the urine; an early indication of malfunction in the kidneys.
Capillary - the smallest of the body`s blood vessels.
Ulcer - a break in the skin tissue; an open or deep sore. Diabetic patients might get ulcers from small abrasions on the legs or soles of the feet, because of cuts that heal slowly, or from the pressure of shoes that are too tight (or too loose). Ulcers may get inflamed and infected.
Sprain - an unexpected twist or wrench to a ligament when the affected joint is carried through a range of motion greater than normal, but without dislocation (when extreme force on a ligament causes two bone ends to separate) or fracture (breakage of a bone).
Post-Exercise Energy Consumption - the continuing higher (above resting) amounts of calories that are metabolized when the body is recovering after any physical exertion. During recovery, calories are burned for the body to repair muscles and tissues and replenish oxygen levels in muscle tissues.
Binge Eating - an eating disorder involving the consumption of abnormally large amounts of food and where the binger feels unable to control either what is being eaten or how much is being eaten, without vomiting or laxative or diuretic abuse.
Bacillus Thuringiensis (BT) - one of the most prevalent bacterium utilized in the manufacture of biologically-based insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. A large number of the proteins produced from bacillus thuringiensis, mainly in the coating the bacterium surrounds itself with, are fatal to some insect species. By using BT in pesticide formulations, the targeted insects can be kept under control using an environmentally friendly, organic agent. Insecticides derived from BT have been extensively used by home gardeners for many years, as well as on farms.
Unit - the basic measurement of insulin. U-100 insulin translates to 100 units of insulin for each ml or cc of solution.
Alternatives to Trans Fats in the Food Supply - the results of fatty acid research, both in terms of health and functionality, will probably have practical relevance for food scientists. Scientists are relentless in their search for methodologies that will provide trans fatty acid (commonly shortened to `trans fat`) alternatives to help consumers to meet guidelines issued by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. It is necessary for trans fat alternatives to have the same functional characteristics, like texture, freshness, appearance, and stability of the product that is substituted, while also remaining affordable and freely available for use. The true test is in providing consumers with satisfactory alternatives that have these functional food properties which have lower levels of trans fats (hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fat/oil) or none at all, and also are lower in saturated fats. In order to help consumers control blood cholesterol profiles, margarines without hydrogenated fats have been placed on the market, and certain margarines additionally include beneficial plant sterols (organic chemicals that help reduce high cholesterol. For more knowledge about plant sterols, refer to the `Functional Foods` section of at IFIC.org. The growing research on dietary fats provides a wonderful opportunity for nutrition and food scientists alike to work together to propose dietary guidelines that promote health, as well as foods that deliver on those guidelines.
Tenuate - a medical drug that inhibits the appetite and that functions by acting on the cerebrospinal axis (central nervous system), increasing heart rate and blood pressure, while decreasing the appetite.
Thermal Effect of Food - the increase in how much energy is spent during the biological processes of digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients; this value signifies approximately 10% of an individual`s overall energy usage, which includes facultative thermogenesis and obligatory thermogenesis (energy dissipated as heat in the many energetic transformations inherent to life); commonly called DIT (Diet-induced Thermogenesis).
Weight Bearing Exercise - an exercise routine where one carries one`s own weight or does weightlifting. Weightlifting or performing weight bearing exercises (such as walking, running or jogging, or skiing) could help decrease the rate of osteoporosis and loss of bone mineral density, and therefore reduce fractures.
Yoga - a program of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being. The several disciplines of yoga entail yogic postures (known as `asanas`) for building strength and flexibility, breath-control exercises that calm and purify the body, and meditation to help the mind and body relax and manage stress better.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA) - a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid found in certain fish and fish oils, which are helpful in reducing the chances of cardiovascular disease and also help in better mental efficiency and vision. The most important compounds in omega-3 fatty acids are DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaneoic acid).
Cellulite - the dimpled, orange-peel like structure on the skin, most often around the buttocks and thighs.
Underwater Weighing - also known as `hydrostatic weighing`, a controlled-environment methodology for estimating fat in a person`s body. An individual is first put into an underwater tank and then weighed. By comparing weight underwater with weight on land, one is able to get a very good estimate of body fat.
Amino Acid Score - a ratio of the actual levels of different amino acids found in any food substance, or in the diet in proportion to the bodily requirement for the amino acid. This score does not consider if the amino acid is digestible.
Diuretic - a drug which is used to increase the secretion and discharge of urine. Can provide the false appearance of a drop in weight as the loss is in fluids, not fat. May result in loss of potassium.
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